Early Life Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Neonatal Dairy Calves Promotes Growth Performance and Alleviates Inflammation and Oxidative Stress during Weaning.

Fernanda Rosa,Johan S Osorio,Erminio Trevisi,Tainara Cristina Michelotti,Benoit St-Pierre

doi:10.3390/ani11092704

Abstract

Simple SummaryNeonatal dairy calves born with an immature immune system and gut microbiota are exposed to several stressors they have to overcome early in life. Therefore, we proposed the use of gut microbiota from a pre-screened healthy adult donor adapted to the local pathogen load to perform a fecal microbiota transplantation in neonatal dairy calves. Our results suggest that early life fecal microbiota transplantation in neonatal dairy calves is a relatively safe method, influencing growth and development and possibly alleviating the stress caused by weaning procedures.This study aimed to evaluate the effects of early life fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) on the health and performance of neonatal dairy calves. The donor was selected based on health and production records and fecal material testing negative for infectious pathogens. Sixteen healthy newborn Holstein calves were randomized to either a baseline nutritional program (CON) or 1×/d inoculations with 25 g of fecal donor material (FMT) mixed in the milk replacer (n = 8/TRT) from 8 to 12 days of age. Blood and fecal samples were collected weekly, and calves were weaned at 7 weeks of age. A TRT × Week interaction was observed in haptoglobin, which was reflected in a positive quadratic effect in FMT calves but not in CON. A trend for a TRT × Week interaction was observed in the liver function biomarker paraoxonase, which resulted in greater paraoxonase in FMT calves than CON at three weeks of age. Fecal microbial community analysis revealed a significant increase in the alpha-diversity between week 1 and week 5 for the FMT calves. These results suggest that early life FMT in neonatal calves has positive effects in mediating the inflammatory response and gut microbial maturation.

Highlights

The traditional paradigm that the fetus develops within a sterile environment, born bacteria-free, and its first contact with bacteria only occurs after birth has been fundamentally challenged [1]; the presence of microbiota has been detected in newborn human meconium [2], amniotic fluid and in the umbilical cord blood [3], as well as in placental membrane [4,5]
Results from our study indicate that dairy calves could benefit from an early life fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) procedure by reducing oxidative stress during the weaning period, as observed by the concomitant decline in reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) while maintaining ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) concentrations
This study demonstrated that early life fecal microbiota transplantation into neonatal dairy calves is a relatively safe method and can influence calf growth and development

Summary

Introduction

The traditional paradigm that the fetus develops within a sterile environment, born bacteria-free, and its first contact with bacteria only occurs after birth has been fundamentally challenged [1]; the presence of microbiota has been detected in newborn human meconium [2], amniotic fluid and in the umbilical cord blood [3], as well as in placental membrane [4,5]. In the future, this unintentional selection for bacterial resistance to antibiotics will have significant consequences for animal production, especially during the neonatal period, when the gut and immune systems are going through a maturation process. Any deviation from a normal gut colonization of commensal microbiota in neonates may pose long-term effects on health and growth performance [14]. Manipulation of gut microbiota by feeding either probiotics or prebiotics has been studied in livestock animals as strategies to improve production and health [15,16]

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