Early Life Exposure to Greenspace and Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Mediating Effects of Air Pollution in Ontario, Canada

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND AIM Early life exposure to greenspace is associated with health benefits on childhood development, but the pathways of this relationship are not completely understood. This study aimed to evaluate early life exposure to different greenspace metrics on the development on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and whether these associations are mediated by reductions in ambient air pollution. METHODS This case-control study included 1,801 ASD cases and 9002 controls less than 5 years of age identified from 2012 to 2017 using health administrative databases in the province of Ontario, Canada. Greenspace metrics were estimated using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Green View Index (GVI) and percent tree canopy coverage using values within 250 m of participants’ residential postal codes at birth. Conditional logistic regression was used to investigate associations between greenspace exposure and ASD while adjusting for maternal age, parity, maternal comorbidities, substance use (i.e. smoking and alcohol), socioeconomic status and urbanicity. We estimated the mediation effects of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and ozone (O3) using causal mediation analyses. RESULTS In the adjusted model, we found that one interquartile range (IQR) increase in percentage tree canopy was associated with a 6% reduction in the odds of ASD (Odds ratio = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.90, 0.98). No associations were found for NDVI and GVI in relation to ASD. We found that 81.8% (77.6 – 85.9), 20.1% (16.6 – 23.6) and 13.6% (11.1 – 16.0) of the association between tree canopy exposure and ASD was mediated through reductions in NO2, PM2.5, and O3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Early life exposure to greenspace might reduce the risk of ASD through reductions in ambient air pollution, in particular traffic pollution from NO2. Our findings may provide support to communities on the potential health benefits of greenspaces.