Abstract
The present study evaluated soybean oil (SO) containing vitamin E (VE) and ginseng saponins (GS) (SO-VE-GS) for their adjuvant effect on foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine. Since mineral oil ISA 206 is a common adjuvant used in the FMD vaccine, it was used as a control adjuvant in this study. VE and GS were found to have a synergistic adjuvant effect. When mice were immunized with the FMD vaccine emulsified in SO with VE and GS, significantly higher serum IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a were found than VE and GS used alone. SO-VE-GS and ISA 206 behaved differently in adjuvant activities. When mice were immunized with the FMD vaccine adjuvanted with SO-VE-GS, significantly higher and earlier production of serum IgG was found than that adjuvanted with ISA 206. Although both adjuvants significantly increased the number of bone marrow plasma cells, a stimulation index of lymphocytes (SI) as well as the production of IL-4 and IL-6, SO-VE-GS promoted significantly higher SI and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T cells with production of increased IFN-γ and decreased TGF-β1 as compared with the ISA 206 group. The data suggested that SO-VE-GS activated Th1/Th2 immune responses. Transcriptome analysis of splenocytes showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs), immune-related gene ontology (GO) terms, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were significantly enriched in the SO-VE-GS group. Therefore, the potent adjuvant effect of SO-VE-GS on the FMD vaccine may be attributed to the immune-related gene profile expressed in lymphocytes. Due to its plant origin and due to being much cheaper than imported mineral oil ISA 206, SO-VE-GS deserves further study in relation to vaccines used in food animals.
Highlights
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is caused by the FMD virus (FMDV) and is a highly contagious disease of pigs, cattle, buffalo, sheep, and wild cloven-hoofed animals [1]
To verify the combined effects of vitamin E (VE) and ginseng saponins (GS) on the FMD vaccine, mice were immunized with the FMD vaccine emulsified in soybean oil (SO) with or without VE and/or
Blood was sampled for analysis of FMDV-specific IgG and IgG1 and and/or GS
Summary
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is caused by the FMD virus (FMDV) and is a highly contagious disease of pigs, cattle, buffalo, sheep, and wild cloven-hoofed animals [1]. In China, the commercial FMD vaccine adjuvant ISA 206 relies on foreign imports, whereas the available adjuvanted FMD vaccines have been reported to fail to elicit protective immune responses in some swine herds [11]. This is a valuable source for a more suitable, effective, and economically relevant adjuvant, which improves the targeted immune responses to FMD vaccines. We hypothesized that a potent adjuvant effect on the FMD vaccine may be obtained when a vegetable oil is supplemented with GS in combination with VE. Since Montanide ISA 206 is the most widely used adjuvant in the FMD vaccine [19], this adjuvant was used as a positive control
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