Abstract
The effect of seven herbicides (U-46 Combi Fluid, Cruz, MR, Basagran Bromicide, Lumax, and Gramoxone) on Xanthium strumarium plants was studied. Chlorophyll content and fluorescence, leaf temperature, and stomatal conductance were evaluated at 12 h, 36 h, 60 h, and 84 h after herbicides application. U46 Combi Fluid, Cruz, and MR did not have a significant effect on chlorophyll fluorescence induction curves as compared to the control treatment. However, Basagran, Bromicide, Lumax, and Gramoxone showed significant changes in the shape of polyphasic fluorescence transients (OJIP transients). Variations in chlorophyll content index, leaf temperature, and stomatal conductance parameters were dependent on the type of applied herbicide. Our study revealed that the specific impact of the applied herbicides on the photosynthetic efficiency of plants is related to their chemical groups and their mechanism of action.
Highlights
In agriculture, herbicides are widely used to reduce the predominance of nondesirable plant species
The application of U46Combi Fluid, Cruz, and MR on Xanthium strumarium plants did not show any effect on the shape of OJIP transient curves after 12 h, 36 h, 60 h, and 84 h treatments when compared to the control
Fluid and Cruz significantly decreased leaf temperature and increased stomatal conductance, but MR, Basagran, Bromicide, Lumax, and Gramoxone enhanced LT and reduced the gs of plants. These findings revealed that Lumax, and especially Gramoxone, had the greatest effect on the reduction of chlorophyll content index (CCI) and gs compared to the rest of the evaluated herbicides (Table 1)
Summary
Herbicides are widely used to reduce the predominance of nondesirable plant species. Some of them act solely via contact to the plants, whereas some others penetrate the vascular system, causing damage to plants. They cause severe damage to nucleic acids in plants and modify the plastid metabolism and cell cycle [1,2]. Herbicides have a strong impact on photosynthetic organisms and their effects depend on their mode of action, dose, and plant species [3]. Herbicides were observed to have an impact either on one or both phases (photoinduced electron transport and dark reactions) of photosynthesis [5].
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