Early Hominid Remains from Hayonim Cave (Israel) in the Context of the Late Middle and Upper Pleistocene record from the Near East

Abstract

Beginning with the early Pleistocene site of Ubeidiya, the Near East is an intercontinental crossroads, and a region of Pleistocene migration routes spanning Africa, Asia and Europe. A large number of Late Pleistocene hominids were discovered in Syria, Iraq and Israel. This anthropological documentation, circumscribed chronologically, raises several questions concerning the biological diversity of the hominids associated with Mousterian lithic artefacts, and strengthens the existence of regional population variation. The Near Eastern fossil sample is, indeed, not homogenous and includes, among others, early anatomically modern humans recovered from the sites of Skhul and Qafzeh Caves, dated between 130 and 92 ka BP. Excavations in the Hayonim Cave (Israel) have provided human remains that are pertinent to our understanding of Near East biological diversity. Indeed, biostratigraphic analysis and chronometric dating (Thermoluminescence and ESR/ U series analyses) of the stratifi ed deposits imply that the Mousterian sequence ranges from at least 220 ka to about 115 ka BP, and encompassed MIS7-6 and 5. Thus, the Hayonim human remains present the best evidence of early Mousterian inhabitants in Western Galilee, and their analysis represents a source of information on the biology and behaviour of hunter-gatherers prior to the Skhul and Qafzeh toolmakers.