Abstract
Hypocretin/Orexin (H/O) neuropeptides are released by a discrete group of neurons in the vertebrate hypothalamus which play a pivotal role in the maintenance of waking behavior and brain state control. Previous studies have indicated that the H/O neuronal development differs between mammals and fish; H/O peptide-expressing cells are detectable during the earliest stages of brain morphogenesis in fish, but only towards the end of brain morphogenesis (by ∼85% of embryonic development) in rats. The developmental emergence of H/O neurons has never been previously described in birds. With the goal of determining whether the chick developmental pattern was more similar to that of mammals or of fish, we investigated the emergence of H/O-expressing cells in the brain of chick embryos of different ages using immunohistochemistry. Post-natal chick brains were included in order to compare the spatial distribution of H/O cells with that of other vertebrates. We found that H/O-expressing cells appear to originate from two separate places in the region of the diencephalic proliferative zone. These developing cells express the H/O neuropeptide at a comparatively early age relative to rodents (already visible at 14% of the way through fetal development), thus bearing a closer resemblance to fish. The H/O-expressing cell population proliferates to a large number of cells by a relatively early embryonic age. As previously suggested, the distribution of H/O neurons is intermediate between that of mammalian and non-mammalian vertebrates. This work suggests that, in addition to its roles in developed brains, the H/O peptide may play an important role in the early embryonic development of non-mammalian vertebrates.
Highlights
Hypocretins/Orexins (H/Os) are neuropeptides produced by a relatively small number of neurons in the vertebrate hypothalamus [1], [2]
A significant increase was later seen at E14, when a plateau was reached at a value of about 2 mm. (Our examination of the P21 chicks was limited to the description of H/O neuronal distribution; no H/O neuron counts were performed at this later age)
Using an anti-H1/OA antibody whose molecular specificity was confirmed with Western blot analysis, we have quantified the development of H/O-positive cells in the brain of chick embryos
Summary
Hypocretins/Orexins (H/Os) are neuropeptides produced by a relatively small number of neurons in the vertebrate hypothalamus (hypocretin 1 and 2 and orexin A and B are independently-coined names that refer to the same peptides) [1], [2]. The location of H/O neurons in the hypothalamus is conserved in all vertebrates examined far [3]. Reptiles and fishes, H/ O neurons show a more restricted medial periventricular distribution [4], [8,9,10]. H/O neurons show a distribution pattern that is intermediate between that of mammals and other tetrapods. They are located medially within the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, extending into the lateral hypothalamic area [11,12,13] (the terminology used throughout the present paper follows the nomenclature of [14])
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