Abstract
Abstract Lung cancer (LC) has high morbidity and fatality rate that can be attributed to its poor diagnostic and monitoring facilities. Hence, there is a need to design advanced detection and monitoring systems to facilitate fast, efficient, and early diagnosis. The emerging research on novel nanotechnology-based strategies and conceptual models has made early-stage detection of LC possible by employing magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to surmount the barriers of slow diagnostic efficiency. Herein, the emphasis is on the recent advancement of MNP-based detection and monitoring systems for LC diagnosis, and future perspectives in the current scenario are discussed. The integration of MNP-based advanced diagnostic tools (microfluidic chips, artificial intelligence, biosensors, biomarkers detection, machine learning, nanotheranostics, deep learning, and internet of things platform) with conventional ones bronchoscopy, computed tomography scan, positron emission tomography, distant metastases, transthoracic biopsy, and magnetic resonance imaging might help to resolve current challenges related to early diagnosis of LC.
Highlights
Lung cancer (LC) has high morbidity and fatality rate that can be attributed to its poor diagnostic and monitoring facilities
A doublelayer structural arrangement is formed by the hydrophobic component with the initial hydrocarbon chain, while there is an exposure of hydrophilic groups outside of the nanoparticles that render them to be dispersed in water
There are several specific biomarkers depending on the type of LC, with the main biomarkers being carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) related cell adhesion molecule-1 (CEACAM), cytokeratin 19 fragment antigen 21-1 (CYFRA21-1), human epidermal growth receptor-2 (HER2), vasculo-endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), class 1 phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and V-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF) [10]
Summary
Abstract: Lung cancer (LC) has high morbidity and fatality rate that can be attributed to its poor diagnostic and monitoring facilities. This review article highlights the use of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as diagnostic and monitoring tools for early detection of LC and a concise view of the challenges involved in this field. Quantification can be challenging in PET, ionizing radiation, intravenous injection of contrast agent, stem cells are genetically modified, an allergic response to radioactive tracer might be possible Limited to specific body parts, low resolution, challenging quantification, cell division results in dilution of contrast agent and can transfer to other cells Too high concentrations of contrast agent can be noxious, it is difficult to quantify X-ray data, increased risk of developing cancer at a later stage, ionizing radiation in dyes force if an external static magnetic field is applied. Researchers have investigated different morphologies that imparted additional features to the nanoparticles such as hollow rod shape for drug delivery [80] and nanocubes for guided chemotherapy and photothermal therapy (PTT) [81]
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