Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) still remains the main cause of morbidity and mortality and consequently early diagnosis is of paramount importance. Working conditions can be regarded as an additional risk factor for CVD. Since different aspects of the job may affect vascular health differently, it is important to consider occupation from multiple perspectives to better assess occupational impacts on health. Standard echocardiography has several targets in the cardiac population, as the assessment of myocardial performance, valvular and/or congenital heart disease, and hemodynamics. Three-dimensional echocardiography gained attention recently as a viable clinical tool in assessing left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) function, volume, and shape. Two-dimensional (2DSTE) and, more recently, three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (3DSTE) have also emerged as methods for detection of global and regional myocardial dysfunction in various cardiovascular diseases and applied to the diagnosis of subtle LV and RV dysfunction. Although these novel echocardiographic imaging modalities have advanced our understanding of LV and RV mechanics, overlapping patterns often show challenges that limit their clinical utility. This review will describe the current state of standard and advanced echocardiography in early detection (secondary prevention) of CVD and address future directions for this potentially important diagnostic strategy.
Highlights
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) still remains the main cause of morbidity and mortality [1, 2] and early diagnosis is of paramount importance
An imaging stress test is recommended in symptomatic patients with prior revascularization, to assess the functional severity of intermediate lesions on coronary arteriography, and as the initial test for diagnosing coronary artery disease (CAD) if the left ventricular ejection fraction is
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) was first performed in 2002 as a less invasive approach and is recommended as an alternative strategy for patients in high risk surgical groups [112,113,114]
Summary
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) still remains the main cause of morbidity and mortality [1, 2] and early diagnosis is of paramount importance. Two-dimensional (2DSTE) and, more recently, threedimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (3DSTE) have emerged as methods for detection of global and regional myocardial dysfunction in various cardiovascular diseases [5,6,7,8,9] and applied to the diagnosis of subtle LV and RV dysfunction. These novel echocardiographic imaging modalities have advanced our understanding of LV and RV mechanics, overlapping patterns often show challenges that limit their clinical utility.
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