Abstract
Behavioral inhibition (BI) is an important early childhood marker of risk for later psychiatric problems. The current 20-year prospective, longitudinal study focused on individual differences in this early temperament and adolescent brain function. As adolescents, 83 participants initially identified in infancy with the temperament of BI were assessed using functional imaging to examine striatal responses to incentives. Five years later, as young adults, these participants provided self-report of their substance use. Our findings show that children's early temperament interacts with their striatal sensitivity to incentives in adolescence to predict their level of substance use in young adulthood. Those young adults who, as children, showed the highest levels of BI reported the greatest substance use if, as adolescents, they also exhibited striatal hypersensitivity to incentives. These longitudinal data delineate one developmental pathway involving early biology and brain mechanisms for substance use in young adulthood.
Highlights
IntroductionRecent neuroimaging studies report that adolescents with a history of childhood Behavioral inhibition (BI),[8,9,10] as well as adolescents with social anxiety,[11] show striatal hyper-activation in response negative monetary incentive cues, and to positive incentive cues
The findings indicate that within participants who exhibited high striatal activation, Behavioral inhibition (BI) was positively related to substance use, b 1⁄4 0.40, t(64) 1⁄4 2.19, Po0.03
The present longitudinal study highlights the conditions under which a complex pattern of behavior, substance use, arises from bio-behavioral interactions that unfold in a developmental context
Summary
Recent neuroimaging studies report that adolescents with a history of childhood BI,[8,9,10] as well as adolescents with social anxiety,[11] show striatal hyper-activation in response negative monetary incentive cues, and to positive incentive cues. This hypersensitivity, found across studies, suggests that. BI individuals are sensitive to threat,[3,4,5,6] research suggests that
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