EAGLE SYNDROME: ETIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT. A LITERATURE REVIEW AND PRESENTATION OF CASES

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of this poster presentation is to review the etiology, diagnostic process and management of Eagle syndrome. In addition, some cases diagnosed with Eagle syndrome are discussed. Materials and Methods: Searches were conducted in Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct databases. Only English language results were reviewed. The following key words were used: “Eagle Syndrome” and “stylohyoid syndrome”. Typical cases will be presented. Results: Eagle Syndrome is a rare clinical condition (4–8 per 10,000 people) that presents with a variety of symptoms. It was first described by Eagle in 1937. It is more common in females than males (2:1 ratio) and in ages mainly greater than 50 years. Eagle syndrome is characterised by elongation of the styloid processes and/or stylohyoid ligament calcification, unilaterally or bilaterally. Due to its atypical symptoms, it is easy to be misdiagnosed. Common symptoms are: facial and neck pain, otalgia or temporomandibular joint pain, dysphagia/odynophagia, foreign body sensation. Other conditions related with Eagle syndrome are: ischemic attacks, carotid artery dissection and Horner’s syndrome. The patient’s history, physical examination and imaging are essential for management of this condition. Three-dimensional reconstructive computed tomographic (CT) scan remains the gold standard for diagnosis, as is shown in our case . Eagle syndrome is commonly treated either with conservative methods (e.g. analgesics, anticonvulsants, local injections) or surgically (intraoral or extraoral approach). Conclusion: Eagle syndrome is rare and difficult to diagnose. Various specialists are involved in its management. Proper diagnosis and treatment are significant due to its potentially serious complications. Surgical treatment is more definitive and provides long lasting relief.