Each one for themselves: Exploring the energy security paradox of the European Union

Abstract

Many European Union member states have shown reluctance to voluntarily decrease natural gas consumption during the 2022/2023 winter so as to demonstrate solidarity with members most severely hit by the current energy crisis. This situation underlines the EU's energy security paradox: even though a common approach would contribute to solving member states' energy security problems, they oppose the creation of such a policy as short-term national interests – considered to safeguard energy security – prevail. A common approach would help member states present a much stronger position than they are able to present individually, both in political and economic terms. However, the solidarity negotiations lesson does not show the ability of EU member states to work together vis-à-vis a common threat. The ability to agree on only a minimal amount of jointly purchased gas (and inability to agree on gas sanctions) underlines the fragmentation of the EU's energy security policy, which benefits Russia.