Abstract
E-selectin is an endothelial cell adhesion molecule involved in vascular inflammation. Elevated E-selectin has been reported in patients with high blood pressure and diabetes. Given the increasing clinical relevance of parameters derived from ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, further investigation of their relationships with E-selectin is of interest. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between serum E-selectin, office blood pressure and 24 h ambulatory blood pressure parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes. Blood pressure variability was assessed by computing the standard deviation of mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure separately for daytime and nighttime during 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in a cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes (n = 132). Additionally, were assessed nighttime systolic dipping and pulse pressure separately for daytime, nighttime, and 24 h. Serum E-selectin was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. We found that E-selectin was consistently associated with 24 h diastolic blood pressure variability (r = 0.238; p = 0.019) and daytime diastolic blood pressure variability (r = 0.258; p = 0.012), after adjustment for confounding factors. No association of E-selectin with office blood pressure and other 24 h ambulatory blood pressure parameters was observed. In conclusion, endothelial activation indicated by elevated serum E-selectin is associated with increased ambulatory diastolic blood pressure variability in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Highlights
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutralThe investigation of inflammatory mechanisms of high blood pressure (BP) has gained increased interest in recent decades
We addressed the issue of E-selectin levels in hypertension and diabetes and sought to understand its relationship with parameters evaluated during 24 h ambulatory BP monitoring
We found that elevated serum E-selectin was associated with daytime and 24 h diastolic BP variability in patients with type 2 diabetes
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutralThe investigation of inflammatory mechanisms of high blood pressure (BP) has gained increased interest in recent decades. Numerous cytokines regulate vascular tone and maintain the appropriate balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory factors involved in hypertension and vascular disease [1]. The mechanisms involved in the link between inflammation and hypertension is represented by excessive production of reactive oxygen species with consequent release of proinflammatory cytokines (like tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, interleukin [IL]-6, IL-17), increased expression of intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 at endothelial level, decreased nitric oxide (NO) formation and endothelial dysfunction [1,4]. Selectins are a family of endothelial leukocyte cell adhesion molecules involved in vascular disease progression by causing a local inflammatory response through stimulation of the migration of immune cells across the endothelial barriers [5,6]. The endothelial-specific with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations
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