E-Cigarette Liquid Provokes Significant Embryotoxicity and Inhibits Angiogenesis.

Ishita Gupta,Hashim Alhussain,Labiba Abughazzah,Semir Vranic,Anas A Ashour,Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa,Ahmed Malki,Umar Bin Rashid

doi:10.3390/toxics8020038

Abstract

E-cigarette smoking (ECS) is a new method of tobacco smoking that is gaining popularity as it is thought to be a “healthy method” of tobacco consumption. The adverse outcomes of ECS on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems in humans have been recently demonstrated. Nevertheless, the effect of e-cigarette liquid (ECL) on the early stage of embryogenesis and angiogenesis has not been explored yet. Chicken embryo at 3 days of incubation and its chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of 5 days were used to explore the outcome of ECL on the embryo. Real-time PCR was also employed to study the regulation of a set of key controller genes of embryogenesis as well as angiogenesis. Our study revealed that ECL exposure is associated with a high rate of mortality in embryos as around 70% of treated embryos, at 3 days of incubation, die after 5 days of exposure. Additionally, ECL inhibits angiogenesis of the CAM of 5 days of incubation by more than 30%. These effects could be explained by the upregulation of ATF-3, FOXA2, INHBA, MAPRE-2, and RIPK-1, as well as the downregulation of SERPINA-4 and VEGF-C genes, which are important key controller genes of embryogenesis as well as angiogenesis. Our data suggest clearly that ECS can have dramatic toxic outcomes on the early stage of embryogenesis as well as angiogenesis. Accordingly, we believe that further studies to assess the effects of ECS on human health are essential.

Highlights

According to the World Health Organization [1], tobacco smoking accounts for 8 million deaths worldwide
Solutionp-values and observed for 5 days in order to explore the outcome of e-cigarette liquid (ECL) on survival during embryonic development
76% of embryos treated with 60 μg ECL died, compared to 64% in the 30 μg ECL group solution and observed for 5 days in order to explore the outcome of ECL on survival during and 9%embryonic in the control group (p < 0.001; Table 2)

Summary

Introduction

According to the World Health Organization [1], tobacco smoking accounts for 8 million deaths worldwide. It is estimated that there are 1.1 billion users of tobacco products worldwide accounting for. There are various methods of tobacco consumption with the most common ones being cigarettes, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), cigars, and water-pipe smoking. E-cigarettes are new electronic devices that heat a nicotine or non-nicotine containing liquid with flavors stored in a refillable cartridge into a vapor to be inhaled [4]. E-cigarette smoking (ECS) was intensely advertised when released and was marketed as a healthier alternative to traditional cigarettes and a healthier device to switch to when quitting traditional smoking.

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