Abstract
Diet plays an important role in the development of obesity and may contribute to dysregulated iron metabolism (DIM). A cross-sectional survey of 208 adults was conducted in Taipei Medical University Hospital (Taipei, Taiwan). A reduced-rank regression from 31 food groups was used for a dietary pattern analysis. DIM was defined as at least four of the following criteria: serum hepcidin (men >200 ng/mL and women >140 ng/mL), hyperferritinemia (serum ferritin of >300 ng/mL in men and >200 ng/mL in women), central obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and two or more abnormal metabolic profiles. Compared to non-DIM patients, DIM patients were associated with an altered body composition and had a 4.52-fold (95% confidence interval (CI): (1.95–10.49); p < 0.001) greater risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) after adjusting for covariates. A DIM-associated dietary pattern (high intake of deep-fried food, processed meats, chicken, pork, eating out, coffee, and animal fat/skin but low intake of steamed/boiled/raw foods and dairy products) independently predicted central obesity (odds ratio (OR): 1.57; 95% CI: 1.05–2.34; p < 0.05) and MetS (OR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.07–3.35; p < 0.05). Individuals with the highest DIM pattern scores (tertile 3) had a higher visceral fat mass (%) (β = 0.232; 95% CI: 0.011–0.453; p < 0.05) but lower skeletal muscle mass (%) (β = −1.208; 95% CI: −2.177–−0.239; p < 0.05) compared to those with the lowest DIM pattern scores (tertile 1). In conclusion, a high score for the identified DIM-associated dietary pattern was associated with an unhealthier body composition and a higher risk of MetS.
Highlights
Obesity is a major public health problem which has substantially increased worldwide in recent decades
Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population According to Dysregulated Iron Metabolism (DIM)
Our results suggest that individuals who tend to eat out and that have a preference for a Western diet
Summary
Obesity is a major public health problem which has substantially increased worldwide in recent decades. Dysregulated iron metabolism (DIM) was first observed by Moirand and Deugnier in 1997, who described a new clinical symptom of hepatic iron overload in patients without hemochromatosis (HFE) [3]. Dysmetabolic iron overload syndrome (DIOS), a more-precise clinical definition for hepatic iron accumulation, is a condition characterized by mild liver iron overload, elevated serum ferritin and hepcidin, but normal or low serum iron/transferrin saturation (TS) together with the presence of metabolic disorders such as obesity, insulin resistance (IR), hypertension, and dyslipidemia [7,8]. Deugnier and colleagues estimated that 34.5–51.5% of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) had DIOS [8]
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