Dynamics of the muscle thin filament regulatory switch: the size of the cooperative unit

Abstract

Actin thin filaments containing bound tropomyosin (Tm) or tropomyosin troponin (Tm.Tn) exist in two states ("off" and "on") with different affinities for myosin heads (S1), which results in the cooperative binding of S1. The rate of S1 binding to, and dissociating from, actin, Tm.actin, and Tm.Tn.actin, monitored by light scattering (LS), was compared with the rate of change in state, monitored by the excimer fluorescence (Fl) of a pyrene label attached to Tm. The ATP-induced S1 dissociation showed similar exponential decreases in LS for actin.S1, Tm.actin.S1, and Tm.Tn.actin.S1 +/- Ca2+. The Fl change, however, showed a delay that was greater for Tm.Tn.actin than Tm.actin, independent of Ca2+. The S1 binding kinetics gave observed rate constants for the S1-induced change in state that were 5-6 times the observed rate constants of S1 binding to Tm.actin, which were increased to 10-12 for Tm.Tn.actin, independent of Ca2+. The rate of the Fl signals showed that the on/off states were in rapid equilibrium. These data indicate that the apparent cooperative unit for Tm.actin is 5-6 actin subunits rather than the minimum structural unit size of 7, and is increased to 10-12 subunits for Tm.Tn.actin, independent of the presence of Ca2+. Thus, Tm appears semi-flexible, and Tn increases communication between neighboring structural units. A general model for the dynamic transitions involved in muscle regulation is presented.