Dynamics of multiple ionization of atoms and molecules by electron, photon, and ion impact—investigated by the COLTRIMS imaging method

Abstract

Fully differential cross-sections in momentum space for multiple ionization processes of atoms and molecules have been investigated by a multi-coincidence imaging technique, called COLTRIMS (cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy) (J. Phys. B 30 (1997) 2917; Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 108 (1996) 425; In: Ullrich, J., Shevelko, V.P. (Eds.), Many Particle Quantum Dynamics in Atomic Fragmentation, Series Atomic, Optical, and Plasma Physics, Vol. 35. Springer, Berlin, 2003; Phys. Rep. 330 (2000) 95). This technique is as powerful as the bubble chamber system in high-energy physics. It has opened a new observation window into the hidden world of many-particle dynamics: correlated many-particle dynamics in Coulombic systems can now be experimentally approached with unprecedented completeness and precision. The principle of the method, namely measuring the momentum of the emitted charged particles from an atomic or molecular fragmentation process, is as simple as determining the trajectory of a thrown stone. From knowing the position from where the stone was slung and where it hits the target, as well as measuring its time-of-flight, the trajectory of the stone and thus its initial velocity vector can be determined precisely. Furthermore, in order to achieve good precision we have to know whether the person, who throws the stone, was at rest in the frame of observation or with which relative velocity this person was moving. Thus, to obtain optimal momentum resolution for the exploding fragments one has to bring the fragmenting object to a complete rest in the frame of measurement before the reaction occurs, i.e. if the object is a gas atom or molecule one has to cool it down to sub-milli Kelvin temperatures.