Abstract
It has been revealed from the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications MERRA analyses, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer MODIS/Terra satellite imageries, Naval Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System NAAPS model outputs, Cloud –Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations CALIPSO imageries, Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory HYSPLIT model trajectories, atmospheric soundings, and observational records of dust emission that there were multiple dust storms in the far western parts of India from 12 to 15 June 2018 due to thunderstorms. This led to the lifting of the dust from the surface. The entry of dust into the upper air was caused by the generation of a significant amount of turbulent kinetic energy as a function of strong wind shear generated by the negative buoyancy of the cooled air aloft and the convective buoyancy in the lower planetary boundary layer. Elevated dust reached a significant vertical height and was advected towards the northern/northwestern/northeastern parts of India. In the meantime, this dust was carried by northwesterly winds associated with the jets in the upper level, which advected dust towards the skies over Nepal where rainfall was occurring at that time. Consequently, this led to the muddy rain in Nepal.
Highlights
It has been found that the lofted dust from wind erosion causes environmental effects at regional and global scales
This study found that the higher the percentage of total seasonal precipitation, the lower the total dust events percentage in the summer and the winter, and the lower the percentage of total seasonal precipitation, the higher the total dust event percentage in the spring and the autumn
There was a lifting of dust into the upper air caused by the generation of significant amount of turbulent kinetic energy as a function of strong gust wind, which had strong wind shear, and the convective buoyancy at the lower boundary layer during the descending outflow of cold air caused by the generation of a severe thunderstorm
Summary
It has been found that the lofted dust from wind erosion causes environmental effects at regional and global scales. Due to extreme dust storms of 28 March 2016 over Kathmandu, Nepal and its surrounding areas there was a significant reduction in visibility (2 km), effects in aviation and ground transportation, and air quality deterioration. This type of knowledge is necessary to understand the regional, local dust climatology, and the atmospheric phenomena that affect the transport and deposition of the dust in Nepal In this regard, the study of recent muddy rain (a kind of rain which contains enough dust (e.g., desert dust) to be clearly visible. They did not discuss the detailed atmospheric dynamics regarding the processes responsible for causing that muddy rain.
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