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Abstract
BackgroundJapanese encephalitis (JE) virus infection can cause severe disease in humans, resulting in death or permanent neurologic deficits among survivors. Studies indicate that the incidence of JE is high in northwestern Bangladesh. Pigs are amplifying hosts for JE virus (JEV) and a potentially important source of virus in the environment. The objectives of this study were to describe the transmission dynamics of JEV among pigs in northwestern Bangladesh and estimate the potential impact of vaccination to reduce incidence among pigs.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe conducted a comprehensive census of pigs in three JE endemic districts and tested a sample of them for evidence of previous JEV infection. We built a compartmental model to describe JEV transmission dynamics in this region and to estimate the potential impact of pig vaccination. We identified 11,364 pigs in the study area. Previous JEV infection was identified in 30% of pigs with no spatial differences in the proportion of pigs that were seropositive across the study area. We estimated that JEV infects 20% of susceptible pigs each year and the basic reproductive number among pigs was 1.2. The model suggest that vaccinating 50% of pigs each year resulted in an estimated 82% reduction in annual incidence in pigs.Conclusions/SignificanceThe widespread distribution of historic JEV infection in pigs suggests they may play an important role in virus transmission in this area. Future studies are required to understand the contribution of pig infections to JE risk in humans and the potential impact of pig vaccination on human disease.
Highlights
Japanese encephalitis ( JE) virus is an arthropod borne viral zoonosis that is endemic throughout eastern, south-eastern and southern Asian countries [1,2]
JE virus ( JEV) infection can cause irreversible damage to the central nervous system of humans, who serve as incidental ‘dead end’ hosts because they do not produce sufficient viremia to infect mosquitos [3]
We conducted a comprehensive census of pigs in three JE endemic districts and tested a sample of them for evidence of previous JEV infection
Summary
Japanese encephalitis ( JE) virus is an arthropod borne viral zoonosis that is endemic throughout eastern, south-eastern and southern Asian countries [1,2]. JE virus ( JEV) infection can cause irreversible damage to the central nervous system of humans, who serve as incidental ‘dead end’ hosts because they do not produce sufficient viremia to infect mosquitos [3]. JEV transmission is complex, involving numerous vertebrate and mosquito species, and is poorly understood in Bangladesh. Studies from other Asian countries show that Culex species are the primary vectors driving transmission; Aedes mosquitoes are competent vectors but likely play only a minor role [9,10]. Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus infection can cause severe disease in humans, resulting in death or permanent neurologic deficits among survivors. The objectives of this study were to describe the transmission dynamics of JEV among pigs in northwestern Bangladesh and estimate the potential impact of vaccination to reduce incidence among pigs
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