Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in poultry holdings commonly spreads through animal trade, and poultry production and health-associated vehicle (PPHaV) movement. To effectively control the spread of disease, it is essential that the contact structure via those movements among farms is thoroughly explored. However, few attempts have been made to scrutinize PPHaV movement compared to poultry trade. Therefore, our study aimed to elucidate the role of PPHaV movement on HPAI transmission. We performed network analysis using PPHaV movement data based on a global positioning system, with phylogenetic information of the isolates during the 2016–2017 HPAI H5N6 epidemic in the Republic of Korea. Moreover, the contribution of PPHaV movement to the spread of HPAI was estimated by Bayesian modeling. The network analysis revealed that there was the relationship between phylogenetic clusters and the contact network via PPHaV movement. Furthermore, the similarity of farm poultry species and the shared integrators between inter-linked infected premises (IPs) were associated with ties within the same phylogenetic clusters. Additionally, PPHaV movement among phylogenetically clustered IPs was estimated to contribute to approximately 30% of HPAI H5N6 infections in IPs on average. This study provides insight into how HPAI spread via PPHaV movement and scientific basis for control strategies.
Highlights
Pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in poultry holdings commonly spreads through animal trade, and poultry production and health-associated vehicle (PPHaV) movement
To examine the rate at which Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N6 transmission between poultry farms is driven PPHaV movement, we used a network metric named assortativity. This denotes how likely infected premises (IPs) with the same genotype of HPAI H5N6 are to be connected to each other. We measured this indicator on the contact network built with tie formations via PPHaV movement using the different temporal infectious duration assumption for vehicle and IPs
The farm species and genotype composition of IPs in each network were relatively comparable in all scenarios.Chicken, duck, and quail farms accounted for 57.4%, 41.1%, and 1.4% of IPs as nodesThe different genotypes C2, C3, C4, and C5 accounted for 26.8%, 19.1%, 46.0%, and 8.1% of IPs
Summary
Pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in poultry holdings commonly spreads through animal trade, and poultry production and health-associated vehicle (PPHaV) movement. The rapid spread of animal infectious diseases has often been observed, mainly driven by highly interconnected livestock productions through industrialized supply chains This is true for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) disease at poultry holdings. HPAI is a viral notifiable infectious disease (per World Organisation for Animal Health) with a high mortality rate in chickens It commonly spreads through contact between an infectious and susceptible hosts. Previous network studies have identified a relationship between contact properties of poultry farms and HPAI occurrence by comparing network metrics; for example infected premises were more likely to have a higher degree of centrality and betweenness c entrality[3,4]. Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. 5Avian Influenza Research and Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea. 6Import Risk Assessment Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine
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