Dynamics of Eimeria oocyst excretion in dairy calves in the Province of Buenos Aires (Argentina), during their first 2 months of age

Abstract

Clinical coccidiosis is associated with high fecal contamination and stress situations, mainly in animals under 1 year of age. Artificially fed dairy calves are one of the categories most prone to suffer from this parasitic disease. The study was carried out in a commercial dairy farm. Feces samples of heifer calves between 2 and 8 weeks old were taken monthly for oocyst counts and Eimeria spp. identification. Of the 862 feces samples analyzed, 48% presented oocysts. When grouping the results of monthly samplings of each age group, it was observed that this percentage increased in the group of calves between 20 and 40 days of life, reaching the peak average of 85% of infection prevalence in the group with between 26 and 30 days of age. The discharge of oocysts observed between 21 and 35 days of age was superior to the rest ( p < 0.05). This trend appeared every month throughout the whole year. However, during March, April, June, September and November, the curves in the group categories were higher than in the remaining months ( p < 0.05). Twelve Eimeria species were identified, being E. ellipsoidalis, E. bovis, E. zuernii and E. auburnensis those in highest numbers. E. ellipsoidalis had an important predominance in the opg composition, >75% up to 25 days of life ( p < 0.05). E. bovis reached peak values in the 26 and 30 days group ( p < 0.05), remaining without significant variations in the last stage of the artificial milk feeding period (approximately 60 days of life), when the oocyst counts were significantly low. Oocysts of E. auburnensis appeared in great proportion (46%) in the cultures later than the previous species ( p < 0.05), in calves of the age groups of between 46 and 50 days of age. Oocysts of E. zuernii showed no trend associated with age. The highest prevalence of infection and of oocyst values appeared during the periods with better environmental conditions for sporulation, survival and dispersion of oocysts (spring and autumn), coincident with the highest birth rates and an elevated number of calves in the paddock. Calves developed a process of natural “vaccination” against coccidiosis. This was demonstrated by the decrease in the quantity of animals shedding oocysts and in the number of oocysts eliminated at the end of the artificial milk feeding period.