Dynamics of dark energy in the gravitational fields of matter inhomogeneities

Abstract

We study the dynamical properties and space distribution of dark energy in the weak and strong gravitational fields caused by inhomogeneities of matter in the static world of galaxies and clusters. We show that the dark energy in the weak gravitational fields of matter density perturbations can condense or dilute, but amplitudes of its perturbations remain very small on all scales. We illustrate also how the ``accretion'' of the phantom dark energy onto the matter overdensity forms the dark energy underdensity. We analyze the behavior of dark energy in the gravitational fields of stars and black holes with the Schwarzschild metric. It is shown that, in the case of stars, the static solution of the differential equations for energy-momentum conservation exists and describes the distribution of density of dark energy inside and outside of a star. We have found that for stars and galaxies its value differs slightly from the average and is a bit higher for the quintessential scalar field as dark energy and a bit lower for the phantom one. The difference grows with the decrease of the effective sound speed of dark energy and is large in the neighborhood of neutron stars. We obtain and analyze also the solutions of equations that describe the stationary accretion of the dark energy as a test component onto the Schwarzschild black hole. It is shown that the rate of change of mass of the dark energy is positive in the case of quintessential dark energy and is negative in the case of the phantom one.