Dynamics of Charge Distribution in Sandwich-Type Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells Probed by the Stark Effect

Abstract

A sandwich-type structure composed of thin films of functional materials is the dominant architecture of organic optoelectronic devices. During device operation, injected or inside-generated electrical charges arrange in a specific spatial distribution. This distribution affects the electric field profile throughout the layers and has a fundamental impact on charge transport and recombination/separation processes. However, probing of the charge distribution is challenging because the hidden active layers are experimentally not directly accessible. Here, we study the temporal evolution of organic salt-based light-emitting electrochemical cells and demonstrate that electroabsorption spectroscopy in combination with electrical capacitance measurements enables the determination of the distribution of the injected, uncompensated electronic charge inside these devices. For constant-voltage operating conditions and over a period of hours, the Stark effect signal intensity and the capacitance increase steadily, but to a different extent. We demonstrate that this difference sensitively depends on the position and distribution width of injected mobile electrons. Estimates show a substantial spreading over the active layer of the injected electron density with time, screening the electric field behind the charge peak.