Abstract
In 1981-83, an estimated 2.2% of the male western gulls Larus occidentalis (Audubon) breeding on South-east Farallon Island, California, maintained feeding territories within breeding colonies of guillemots Uria aalge (Pont.) and Brandt's cormorants Phalacrocorax penicillatus (Brandt). These «specialist» gulls feed by means of scavenging, piracy and predation. This paper investigates specialist's survival and productivity, fidelity to feeding territories, foraging dynamics, energy consumption, and the effect of predation by these gulls on the breeding success of guillemots and cormorants
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