Dynamical History of the Oort Cloud

Abstract

Dynamical studies during the past decade have resulted in an almost explosive increase in our understanding of the Oort cloud of comets, which surrounds the solar system. Cometary orbits in the cloud evolve under the complex interaction of stellar, galactic, and giant molecular cloud perturbations, as well as planetary and nongravitational perturbations when the orbits re-enter the planetary region. Evidence has continued to build for a dense, inner Oort cloud of comets which acts as a reservoir to replenish the outer cloud as comets there are stripped away. A ring of comets beyond the orbit of Neptune, which may be the source of the short-period comets, is also likely. Both the estimated number and mass of comets in the Oort cloud have grown such that the total mass may be comparable to the mass of the planets. Temporal variations in the flux of comets from the Oort cloud into the planetary region by a factor of 50% are typical, and by factors of 20 to 200 are possible. The most intense cometary “showers” may have serious implications for biological extinction events on Earth as well as for the impact history of planets and satellite systems. Comets in the Oort cloud are processed by galactic cosmic rays, heated by nearby Supernovae, eroded by interstellar dust impacts, and disrupted by mutual collisions (in the inner cloud). A detailed estimate of the Oort cloud’s dynamical history is not possible because of the inability to reconstruct the Sun’s varying galactic motion over the history of the solar system, and because of uncertainty over where comets actually formed. However, it is likely that a substantial fraction of the original Oort cloud population has been lost to interstellar space. We are approaching the time when Oort clouds around other stars may be detectable, though searches to date have so far been negative.