Abstract
Several interesting physical systems, such as the Lovelock extension of general relativity in higher dimensions, classical time crystals, $k$-essence fields, Horndeski theories, compressible fluids, and nonlinear electrodynamics, have apparent ill-defined sympletic structures, due to the fact that their Hamiltonians are multivalued functions of the momenta. In this paper, the dynamical evolution generated by such Hamiltonians is described as a degenerate dynamical system, whose sympletic form does not have a constant rank, allowing novel features and interpretations not present in previous investigations. In particular, it is shown how the multivaluedness is associated with a dynamical mechanism of dimensional reduction, as some degrees of freedom turn into gauge symmetries when the system degenerates.
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