Abstract
The equilibrium longitudinal particle distribution of a bunch in an electron storage ring is investigated using a localized constant wake function and a localized δ wake function. We also examine composite wake effects on the particle distribution when both the constant wake and δ wake simultaneously exist in the ring. When moving around the parameter space, the system can show bifurcation phenomena and transition features between periodic states, which are not always reversible. We study this behavior using the Gaussian approximation and compare the results with those of multiparticle tracking. The results show qualitative agreement.
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