Abstract
Skeletal muscle development and growth are closely associated with efficiency of poultry meat production and its quality. We performed whole transcriptome profiling based on RNA sequencing of breast muscle tissue obtained from Shouguang chickens at embryonic days (E) 12 and 17 to post-hatching days (D) 1, 14, 56, and 98. A total of 9,447 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were filtered (Q < 0.01, fold change > 2). Time series expression profile clustering analysis identified five significantly different expression profiles that were divided into three clusters. DEGs from cluster I with downregulated pattern were significantly enriched in cell proliferation processes such as cell cycle, mitotic nuclear division, and DNA replication. DEGs from cluster II with upregulated pattern were significantly enriched in metabolic processes such as glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, insulin signaling pathway, calcium signaling pathway, and biosynthesis of amino acids. DEGs from cluster III, with a pattern that increased from E17 to D1 and then decreased from D1 to D14, mainly contributed to lipid metabolism. Therefore, this study may help us explain the mechanisms underlying the phenotype that myofiber hyperplasia occurs predominantly during embryogenesis and hypertrophy occurs mainly after birth at the transcriptional level. Moreover, lipid metabolism may contribute to the early muscle development and growth. These findings add to our knowledge of muscle development in chickens.
Highlights
In chicken production, skeletal muscle development is closely associated with the amount of meat production and its quality, affecting the economic benefits
To identify mRNA expressed in breast muscle tissue development of chickens, we constructed 17 complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries (E12_1, E12_2, E12_3, E17_1, E17_2, D1_1, D1_2, D1_3, D14_1, D14_2, D14_3, D56_1, D56_2, D56_3, D98_1, D98_2, and D98_3) from breast muscle samples at six developmental stages
cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) and CDK2 play integral roles in reducing MyoD activity during myoblast proliferation by phosphorylating MyoD (Kitzmann et al, 1999). These results suggest that the genes with a downregulated pattern of expression play regulatory roles in chicken breast muscle development through the processes involved in the early stages of cell proliferation, and genes related to cyclins and their cognate cyclin-dependent protein kinases may be critical factors in regulating cell proliferation
Summary
Skeletal muscle development is closely associated with the amount of meat production and its quality, affecting the economic benefits. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying chicken skeletal muscle development is of vital interest. The muscle mass is determined by cell numbers and unit cell size. Hyperplasia refers to the increases in cell number or muscle fiber number that occur mainly in the embryonic period, as the number of muscle fibers is fixed by the day of hatching. Hypertrophy refers to the increase in cell size that occurs mainly after birth (Ylihärsilä et al, 2007; Liu et al, 2017b; Ouyang et al, 2017). There may be distinct molecular processes that occur in chicken muscle development between the embryonic and posthatching periods
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