Abstract
Pacific geoducks (Panopea generosa) are clams found along the northeast Pacific coast where they are important components of coastal and estuarine ecosystems and a major aquaculture product. The Pacific coastline, however, is also experiencing rapidly changing ocean habitat, including significant reductions in pH. To better understand the physiological impact of ocean acidification on geoduck clams, we characterized for the first time the proteomic profile of this bivalve during larval development and compared it to that of larvae exposed to low pH conditions. Geoduck larvae were reared at pH 7.5 (ambient) or pH 7.1 in a commercial shellfish hatchery from day 6 to day 19 postfertilization and sampled at six time points for an in‐depth proteomics analysis using high‐resolution data‐dependent analysis. Larvae reared at low pH were smaller than those reared at ambient pH, especially in the prodissoconch II phase of development, and displayed a delay in their competency for settlement. Proteomic profiles revealed that metabolic, cell cycle, and protein turnover pathways differed between the two pH and suggested that differing phenotypic outcomes between pH 7.5 and 7.1 are likely due to environmental disruptions to the timing of physiological events. In summary, ocean acidification results in elevated energetic demand on geoduck larvae, resulting in delayed development and disruptions to normal molecular developmental pathways, such as carbohydrate metabolism, cell growth, and protein synthesis.
Highlights
The Pacific geoduck (Panopea generosa) is a burrowing hiatellid clam found in low intertidal and subtidal sediments throughout the northeast Pacific coast, including the United States (Alaska, Washington, and California), Canada (British Columbia), and Mexico (Coan, Scott, & Bernard, 2000; González-Peláez, Leyva-Valencia, Pérez-Valencia, & Lluch-Cota, 2013; Vadopalas, Pietsch, & Friedman, 2010)
Many of these development-specific patterns were shared between pH 7.5 and 7.1 on the broad scale of functional category, suggesting essential molecular checkpoints that are resistant to alteration during a low pH response, at least given the timing of our sampling scheme
A global, high-resolution proteomics survey was used to detect the molecular hallmarks of specific developmental transition points throughout the geoduck larval period
Summary
The Pacific geoduck (Panopea generosa) is a burrowing hiatellid clam found in low intertidal and subtidal sediments throughout the northeast Pacific coast, including the United States (Alaska, Washington, and California), Canada (British Columbia), and Mexico (north Baja Pacific Coast) (Coan, Scott, & Bernard, 2000; González-Peláez, Leyva-Valencia, Pérez-Valencia, & Lluch-Cota, 2013; Vadopalas, Pietsch, & Friedman, 2010). Juvenile bivalves have demonstrated decreases in calcification rates, shell dissolution and malformation, and impacts on feeding, respiration, and energy storage when exposed to low pCO2 (Beniash, Ivanina, Lieb, Kurochkin, & Sokolova, 2010; Dickinson et al, 2012; Dove & Sammut, 2007a, 2007b; Fernández-Reiriz, Range, Álvarez-Salgado, & Labarta, 2011; Gazeau et al, 2007; Michaelidis, Ouzounis, Paleras, & Pörtner, 2005) While these and other studies provide critical information on how changes in seawater chemistry driven by ocean acidification are altering the physiological performance and ecology of marine shelled mollusks, the molecular mechanisms, and pathways underlying the impacts of ocean acidification throughout the time course of molluscan larval development are unknown. We expect to see a significant proteomic shift in response to pH, especially in proteins involved in the oxidative stress response, cytoskeleton restructuring, metabolic pathways, and calcification
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