Dynamic Relationship between Commuting Time and Job Satisfaction: A Bivariate Latent Change Score Approach

Abstract

Daily commuting and its impact on job satisfaction have been the focus of numerous studies. Limited research, however, has explored the bidirectional relationship between the two factors, and most studies have relied on cross-sectional designs. This study addresses this research gap by using four waves of panel data from the China Family Panel Studies to examine the dynamic and reciprocal relationship between commuting time and job satisfaction. A bivariate latent change score model is employed to analyze the data. Our findings reveal a bidirectional association between commuting time and job satisfaction. Individuals with high job satisfaction tend to maintain their commute time, whereas those with shorter commutes experience faster growth in job satisfaction. Increases in commute time positively affect employment income but have a negative impact on job satisfaction, suggesting that financial benefits might not fully compensate for the full cost of commuting on work. Moreover, changes in commute time do not significantly influence working hours, indicating that commuting primarily affects work–life balance rather than the actual hours worked. This study provides valuable insights into the complex dynamics of commuting and job satisfaction, informing evidence-based policy decisions for managing commuting and improving employee satisfaction.