Abstract
A two-fold adaptive dynamic quadrilateral relay is developed in this research for protecting Thyristor-Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC)-compensated transmission lines (TLs). By investigating a new tilt angle and modifying the Takagi method to recognize the fault zone identifier, the proposed relay adapts its reactive reach and resistive reach separately and independently. The investigated tilt angle and identified fault zone use the TCSC reactance to compensate its effect on the TL parameters and system homogeneity. Excessive tests are simulated by MATLAB on the non-homogenous network, IEEE-9 bus system and further tests are carried out on IEEE-39 bus system in order to generalize and validate the efficiency of the proposed approach. The designed trip boundaries are able to detect wide range of resistive faults under all TCSC modes of operations. The proposed approach is easy to implement as there no need for data synchronization or a high level of computation and filtration. Moreover, the proposed adaptive dynamic relay can be applied for non-homogeneity systems and short as well as long TLs which are either TCSC-compensated or -uncompensated TLs.
Highlights
R1R1 correctly detected thethe fault in its its zone-2 by adapting both resistive and reactive so its zone-2 by adapting both resistive and reactive reach soreach its tripping tripping was by delayed by thetime zone-2 time delay, the proposed relay at time wastime delayed the zone-2 delay, while thewhile proposed dynamicdynamic relay at R2 succeeded in detecting the same fault in its zone-1 by adapting only its resistive reach without adapting its reactive reach, as Thyristor-Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) is not included in its faulted path and it trips instantaneously
The reactive reach is adjusted by identifying the presence of TCSC in the faulted loop to compensate for its effect
The calculation of the tilt angle is investigated to consider the homogeneity of the system due to the load flow and TCSC effect during high resistance faults
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The series compensation model and the restriction of the fault resistance coverage area to only 10 Ω may weaken the scheme performance Another solution for setting the adaptive quadrilateral relay, protecting TLpossessing series capacitor protected by MOV, is demonstrated in [20]. An adaptive dynamic quadrilateral distance relay is proposed to accurately detect the high resistive faults under TCSC-compensated TLs. A new tilt angle estimation is investigated which uses TCSC reactance to compensate for the non-homogeneity effect due to the presence of TCSC in the faulted loop. The adaptation of the relay setting reaches for TCSC-compensated TLs is based on the local data estimated at the relay terminal and two values of RMS current and firing angle transmitted from the TCSC substation, upon a fault-starting recognition signal occurring. Angle (α) in order to apply different TCSC operating modes
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