Abstract
Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive method that can be used to increase the understanding of the pathomechanics of joints. Various types of real-time gradient echo sequences used for dynamic MRI acquisition of joints include balanced steady-state free precession sequence, radiofrequency-spoiled sequence, and ultra-fast gradient echo sequence. Due to their short repetition time and echo time, these sequences provide high temporal resolution, a good signal-to-noise ratio and spatial resolution, and soft tissue contrast. The prerequisites of the evaluation of joints with dynamic MRI include suitable patient installation and optimal positioning of the joint in the coil to allow joint movement, sometimes with dedicated coil support. There are currently few recommendations in the literature regarding appropriate protocol, sequence standardizations, and diagnostic criteria for the use of real-time dynamic MRI to evaluate joints. This article summarizes the technical parameters of these sequences from various manufacturers on 1.5 T and 3.0 T MRI scanners. We have reviewed pertinent details of the patient and coil positioning for dynamic MRI of various joints. The indications and limitations of dynamic MRI of joints are discussed.
Highlights
Being non-invasive, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely used in the clinical decision-making process
Dynamic in vivo imaging may provide valuable functional information in addition to static imaging; it may help in the selection of an optimal treatment strategy [6]
Limitations, solutions, and perspectives Real-time dynamic MRI is based on high temporal resolution, but it requires sufficient contrast, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and spatial resolution for joint motion evaluations through image post-processing
Summary
A real-time gradient echo sequence depicts functional details of the joint during motion. Appropriate and customized patient setup and coil installation inside the MR bore are fundamental for the exploration of joint motion. Artifacts due to the inherent joint motion and those related to real-time sequence parameters can be reduced to improve image quality and diagnostic capability
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