Abstract
In smelters, metal ores or concentrates are smelted to reduce a metal oxide to a metal through a series of reactions and processes. In a smelting process, a large amount of off-gas emissions are often generated, which can cause serious environmental and plant hygiene problems if not properly treated. Off-gas systems extract and treat the off-gas emissions, and ensure that the smelter operation is in accordance with environmental and industrial hygiene regulations. In this paper, the dynamic models for an industrial smelter furnace and converter off-gas system, tackling hazardous sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2), are developed using mass continuity, momentum and energy conservation laws. Based on the developed dynamic models, the effects of important variables on the system’s dynamics are studied via simulations. The developed dynamic models provide a necessary basis for high performance control development of smelter off-gas systems because online measurements are limited and additional ones must be justified.
Highlights
In industrial smelting operations, mineral concentrates, usually transported from mineral processing plants, are smelted through a series of reactions to reduce a metal oxide as well as to remove some impurity metals
The smelters provide the key operations in obtaining metal products from mineral concentrates, but the off-gases emitted from the smelters constitute a major source of atmospheric pollutions
To converters are served by two overhead cranes handling model the off-gas variables in the furnace freeboard, ladles and a batch operation is used
Summary
Mineral concentrates, usually transported from mineral processing plants, are smelted through a series of reactions to reduce a metal oxide as well as to remove some impurity metals. The off-gas from the matte end and slag end of the furnace is processed separately before a Cottrell plant. To converters are served by two overhead cranes handling model the off-gas variables in the furnace freeboard, ladles and a batch operation is used.
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