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Abstract
To evaluate the impacts and capabilities of large-scale compressed gas energy storage for mitigating wind intermittency, dynamic system models for compressed air energy storage and compressed hydrogen energy storage inside salt caverns have been developed. With the experimental data from air storage in a salt cavern in Huntorf, Germany, the cavern model has been verified. Both daily and seasonal simulation results suggest that with the same size wind farm and salt cavern, a compressed hydrogen energy storage system could better complement the wind intermittency and could also achieve load shifting on a daily and seasonal time scale. Moreover, the hydrogen produced in the compressed hydrogen energy storage system could also be dispatched as a fuel to accommodate zero emission transportation for up to 14,000 fuel cell vehicles per day while achieving seasonal load shifting.
Highlights
With increasing energy demand and growing concerns for environmental impacts, renewable energy sources are receiving increased attention for their inherent low pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions
The dynamics of compressed air and hydrogen energy storage technologies integrated with largescale wind power are key issues to understand their potential performance and impacts on the grid
Daily load-following simulations were carried out for a wind farm coupled with compressed air and compressed hydrogen energy storage systems while storage cavern temperatures and pressures were simulated
Summary
With increasing energy demand and growing concerns for environmental impacts, renewable energy sources are receiving increased attention for their inherent low pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions. 12,100 MW of new wind capacity is expected to be added by the year 2013, with forecasts of meeting 20% of the nation’s electricity demand from wind energy by the year 2030 [2]. Temporal intermittency and variability of wind power includes typical annual and seasonal variations, synoptic, diurnal and turbulence variations. Due to these uncontrollable intermittencies that act in different time scales, wind power sources could have significant negative impacts on grid operation in different time scales, including those that affect regulation, load following, and scheduling [3e5]. In the load following time scale (minutes to hours), wind intermittency may require a significant increase in the amount of operating reserves [6]. In the scheduling time scale (hours to days), the wind intermittency may result in significant economic costs due to Nomenclature mcavern m_ in m_ out Ucavern n_
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