Abstract
The beneficial effects of probiotics are conditioned by their survival during passage through the human gastrointestinal tract and their ability to favorably influence gut microbiota. The main objective of this study was to use dynamic in vitro models of the human digestive tract to investigate the effect of fasted or fed state on the survival kinetics of the new probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain CNCM I-3856 and to assess its influence on intestinal microbiota composition and activity. The probiotic yeast showed a high survival rate in the upper gastrointestinal tract whatever the route of admistration, i.e., within a glass of water or a Western-type meal. S. cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 was more sensitive to colonic conditions, as the strain was not able to colonize within the bioreactor despite a twice daily administration. The main bacterial populations of the gut microbiota, as well as the production of short chain fatty acids were not influenced by the probiotic treatment. However, the effect of the probiotic on the gut microbiota was found to be individual dependent. This study shows that dynamic in vitro models can be advantageously used to provide useful insight into the behavior of probiotic strains in the human digestive environment.
Highlights
Probiotics are defined as “live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host” [1]
The viability of S. cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 was evaluated in each compartment of TIM-1 (Figure 1a) and in the ileal effluents (Figure 1b) by cross-comparing the curves obtained for the yeast and the blue dextran transit marker in the two experimental conditions
When the probiotic was administered within a glass of water, the yeasts showed a high resistance to gastric, duodenal and jejunal conditions as no significant differences could be noticed between the curves obtained for the probiotic yeast and the transit marker (p > 0.05)
Summary
Probiotics are defined as “live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host” [1]. Saccharomyces cerevisiae var boulardii has long been known to be effective for treating acute and chronic intestinal diseases [3,4,5]. The main mechanisms of action of probiotic yeast are (i) the direct or indirect inhibition of intestinal pathogens, (ii) the modification of host signaling pathways, especially those involved in inflammatory response, (iii) the stimulation of the immune system, and (iv) the trophic effects on intestinal mucosa [3,4,5]. Only S. boulardii has been widely studied and its inhibitory mechanisms are well defined, other yeast strains have been considered for their probiotic properties. Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 is a new probiotic yeast, which has been shown to decrease inflammation in a mouse model of chemically-induced colitis [6], to prevent colitis induced by AIEC
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