Abstract
The capability of domestic heat pumps to provide dynamic frequency response to an electric power system was investigated. A thermal model was developed to represent a population of domestic heat pumps. A decentralized dynamic control algorithm was developed, enabling the heat pumps to alter their power consumption in response to a system frequency. The control algorithm ensures a dynamic relationship between the temperature of building and grid frequency. The availability of heat pumps to provide low-frequency response was obtained based on data supplied by Element Energy. Case studies were carried out by connecting a representative model of the aggregated heat pumps to the regional Great Britain (GB) transmission system model, which was developed by National Grid. It was shown that the dynamically controlled heat pumps distributed over GB zones have a significant impact on the GB system frequency and reduce the dependency on frequency services that are currently supplied by expensive frequency-sensitive generators. The rate of change of frequency was also reduced when there is a reduction in system inertia.
Highlights
W ITHIN Great Britain’s (GB) power system, the standard operating frequency is 50 Hz, with the upper/lower operating limit being ±1% Hz of nominal system frequency i.e., ±0.5 Hz [1]
This paper examines the potential of the aggregation of domestic heat pumps to provide a dynamic frequency response to the GB power system
This paper identifies a suitable model that represents the entire population of heat pumps connected to the GB
Summary
W ITHIN Great Britain’s (GB) power system, the standard operating frequency is 50 Hz, with the upper/lower operating limit being ±1% Hz of nominal system frequency i.e., ±0.5 Hz [1]. In its 2015 “System Operability Framework” report, National Grid, discusses new innovative control mechanisms, on the demand side, in order to provide rapid frequency response services and reduce the CO2 emissions at a reasonable cost [5]. The potential of different types of domestic loads to provide dynamic demand service was presented in [16]. In these papers, the temperature set-points of thermal loads were controlled to vary dynamically with grid frequency. This paper examines the potential of the aggregation of domestic heat pumps to provide a dynamic frequency response to the GB power system. This paper identifies a suitable model that represents the entire population of heat pumps connected to the GB power system. This study addresses the following questions. there a suitable number of heat pump aggregated models that can represent the entire population of heat pumps, r connected to the GB power system? How to improve the dynamic operation of the load’s trigr gering frequencies (FO N ) and (FO F F )? Does DFC interfere with the normal operation of heat r pumps’ temperature control? What impact will the population of DFC-based heat pumps r have on grid frequency? Do DFC-based heat pumps reduce the dependency on frequency services that are obtained by expensive peaking r r generators? Does regional DFC affect the system frequency? What impact might the DFC have on the rate of change of frequency (RoCoF), when there is a reduction in system inertia?
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