Abstract
For short-term power predictions and estimations of the available power during curtailment of a wind farm, it is necessary to consider the flow dynamics and aerodynamic interactions of the turbines. In this paper, a control-oriented dynamic two-dimensional wind farm model is introduced that aims to incorporate real-time measurements such as flow velocities at turbine locations to estimate the ambient wind farm flow. The model is intended to derive flow predictions for real-time applications. Since fully resolved computational fluid dynamics are too CPU-intensive for such a task, the dynamic model presented in this paper relies on an approximation of the flow equations in a two-dimensional framework. A semi-Lagrangian advection scheme and a step-wise flow solver together offer fast calculation speed, which scales linearly with the number of grid points. In order to emulate effects of realistic three-dimensional wind farm flow, a relaxation of the two-dimensional continuity equation is presented. Furthermore, with little extra computational expense, additional dynamic state variables for various possible applications can be propagated along the wind flow. For instance, a dynamic confidence parameter can provide estimations of the accuracy of flow predictions, while a turbulence parameter adds the possibility to estimate wake induced loads on downstream turbines. In order to demonstrate the performance and validity of the new model it is compared with other models. At first a two turbine reference case is compared with a steady-state model and secondly with results obtained by the dynamic wind farm flow model WFSim. Finally a small wind farm is simulated in order to show the computational scaling of the model.
Highlights
Wind energy plays an important role in the increase of the renewable energies to meet the requirements of the Paris Agreement
At first a two turbine reference case is compared with a steady-state model and secondly with results obtained by the dynamic wind farm flow model WFSim
Offshore wind farms, which often are constructed with a regular mesh-like layout, are subject to aerodynamic interactions that cause significant power losses and wake induced loads [1, 2]
Summary
Wind farms become larger and wake effects become even more prominent. Offshore wind farms, which often are constructed with a regular mesh-like layout, are subject to aerodynamic interactions that cause significant power losses and wake induced loads [1, 2]. One promising approach to achieve that, is optimized wind farm control with wake steering [4]. The consideration of the aerodynamic interactions in the control of the individual turbines within a wind farm control scheme is an active field of research.
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