Dynamic evolution of temperature field, flow field, and solidification behavior during multilayer multitrack laser cladding

Abstract

During multilayer multitrack laser cladding, secondary melting and solidification in the interlayer lap zone have a significant impact on the mechanical properties of cladding coatings. However, mathematical modeling of the melt flow and solidification behavior of multilayer, multitrack laser cladding interlayer lap zones is lacking. In this paper, a 3D finite element model was established to investigate the mass and heat transfer processes in both lap and non-lap zones during the laser cladding of multilayer multitrack Fe-Cr-based alloys on 45# steel surface. A dynamic grid is used to track the free surface of the melt pool, while the enthalpy method is used to simulate the solid-liquid phase transition. The change in thermophysical properties with temperature, as well as the change in laser energy and alloy powder flow density in the lap zone, were taken into consideration. The influence of the number of cladding layers on the heat and mass transfer in the molten pool, remelting, and solidification in the lap zone was investigated, along with its intrinsic mechanism. The results show that the model can accurately predict the size and microstructural change law of coating layers, including the grain size of the lap region between layers. The melt pool temperature and grain size increase with the number of cladding layers, while the convection and cooling velocities decrease. In addition, the grain size in the lap zone of the cladding is larger than that in the nearby non-lap zone. Using solidification parameters extracted from the solidification front of the molten pool, changes in grain size and morphology were predicted for both the interlayer lap and non-lap zones. The numerical calculation results were consistent with the experimental measurements.