Abstract
Engineering the optical properties of waveguides is important for the optimization of their guided optical mode characteristics. Here, we document the dynamic control of the refractive index and composition of crystalline films, via the substrate temperature, during pulsed-laser-deposition growth of Er(1%)-doped yttrium gallium garnet on -orientated single-crystal yttrium aluminium garnet. An increasing substrate temperature is observed to reduce the gallium content in the grown film, with a corresponding reduction of refractive index. We demonstrate the ability to accurately control the refractive index via this technique and use it to grow a complex multi-core crystal waveguide. Our results highlight the potential of using pulsed laser deposition to fabricate crystal films with bespoke optical properties and thus engineer passive and active waveguide devices in situ.
Highlights
The ability to tailor the properties of a given material to optimize its end application is a universal goal within the manufacturing and materials development community
Engineering the optical properties of waveguides is important for optimization of their guided optical mode characteristics
We demonstrate the ability to accurately control the refractive index via this technique and use it to grow a complex multi-core crystal waveguide
Summary
The ability to tailor the properties of a given material to optimize its end application is a universal goal within the manufacturing and materials development community. In this paper we show that by systematically varying the substrate temperature during PLD, bespoke waveguides with complex refractive index profiles, such as those required for cladding pumping, can readily be fabricated during a single deposition run, as opposed to a complex protocol of sequential growths We have applied this technique to the growth of Erdoped Y3Ga5O12 (YGG) [11], which is a laser host of particular interest as it possesses emission peaks at 1572 nm and 1651 nm that are aligned with key absorption bands of both carbon dioxide and methane gas, making it an attractive material for use in LIDAR systems [12,13]. The deposition time for each film growth was 6 min (36000 pulses), leading to a growth of ~2-μm-thick films
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