Abstract
Dynamic, time-varying controls are implemented for a vocal-cord model described earlier [Bell System Tech. J. 51, 1233–1268 (1912)]. A speech synthesis system is formulated from the cord-model, a programmed vocal tract, and a control mechanism. Time-varying controls in the simulation include subglottal pressure, cord tension, glottal area at rest, and vocal-tract shape. Previously reported physiological data on muscle electromyography, air flow, and lung pressure are used to estimate control correlates in the computer model. For voicing at constant subglottal pressure and with an unoccluded vocal tract, the rest-area of cord opening is found to be the dominant factor in voiced/voiceless control. Asymmetry in onset and cessation of voicing is found to relate to direct observations of cord motion. Cord tension is dominant in pitch control. Time variations in lung pressure and in tract occlusion modify these control factors. A computer movie is presented to illustrate the dynamic control and behavior of the model.
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