Abstract
Three Apiaceae species Ledebouriella seseloides, Peucedanum japonicum, and Glehnia littoralis are used as Asian herbal medicines, with the confusingly similar common name “Bang-poong”. We characterized the complete chloroplast (cp) genomes and 45S nuclear ribosomal DNA (45S nrDNA) sequences of two accessions for each species. The complete cp genomes of G. littoralis, L. seseloides, and P. japonicum were 147,467, 147,830, and 164,633 bp, respectively. Compared to the other species, the P. japonicum cp genome had a huge inverted repeat expansion and a segmental inversion. The 45S nrDNA cistron sequences of the three species were almost identical in size and structure. Despite the structural variation in the P. japonicum cp genome, phylogenetic analysis revealed that G. littoralis diverged 5–6 million years ago (Mya), while P. japonicum diverged from L. seseloides only 2–3 Mya. Abundant copy number variations including tandem repeats, insertion/deletions, and single nucleotide polymorphisms, were found at the interspecies level. Intraspecies-level polymorphism was also found for L. seseloides and G. littoralis. We developed nine PCR barcode markers to authenticate all three species. This study characterizes the genomic differences between L. seseloides, P. japonicum, and G. littoralis; provides a method of species identification; and sheds light on the evolutionary history of these three species.
Highlights
Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) is one of the largest families of flowering plants
The family includes well-known plant species used for cooking, such as carrot (Daucus carota), celery (Apium graveolens), and parsley (Petroselinum crispum), as well as many others used in traditional medicine in Eastern Asia [3]
This approach remains widely accepted for discriminating Apiaceae species
Summary
Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) is one of the largest families of flowering plants. It comprises approximately 450 genera and 3700 species, which are widely distributed across the temperate zone [1,2]. This family is characterized by a simple or complex compound inflorescence, called an umbel, which resembles the ribs of an umbrella. The family includes well-known plant species used for cooking, such as carrot (Daucus carota), celery (Apium graveolens), and parsley (Petroselinum crispum), as well as many others used in traditional medicine in Eastern Asia [3]. It is necessary to clearly classify each species and to develop a DNA barcoding tool to authenticate each species
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