Abstract
The radio-frequency (RF) chains, phase shifters (PSs), and analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) play the dominant role of power consumption in the uplink hybrid millimeter-wave (mmWave) massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) networks. To mitigate power consumption, an energy-efficient switch and inverter (SI) based partially-connected (PC) architecture with the Gram-Schmidt (GS) antenna selection strategy is addressed. The design of a variable-resolution ADC configuration is addressed under an independent upper bound of power consumption for each ADC in this paper. However, the resulting ADC resolution mapping becomes more complicated due to variant ADC power bounds. A simple ADC bit-allocation algorithm, namely, the sum-resolution (SR) ADC, is proposed. By replacing the total power constraint on ADCs to improve both the achievable sum-rate (ASR) and energy efficiency (EE) performance of the hybrid mmWave massive MIMO system. The SR-ADC solutions in closed form reveal that the optimal ADC resolution is proportional to the square power of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in RF chains. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed SR-ADC approach offers enhanced improvements on the ASR and EE, and exhibits prominent advantages on the number of activated RF chains compared with the fixed total power system.
Highlights
Owing to the saturation of consumer wireless systems on most sub-6 GHz spectrum, millimeter-wave communication (30-300GHz) has become a key solution to fulfill high data rates in the fifth-generation (5G) broadband networks [1]
SIMULATION RESULTS the simulations evaluate energy efficiency as a function of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for a mmWave massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) uplink hybrid combing system with the analogto-digital converters (ADCs) allocation algorithm proposed in the paper
The results show that all the ADC allocation schemes in switch and inverter (SI)-based provide superior achievable sum-rate (ASR) performance than phase shifters (PSs)-based and the ASR capacity-gap between the different networks reduce as the increase of average constraint bit
Summary
Owing to the saturation of consumer wireless systems on most sub-6 GHz spectrum, millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication (30-300GHz) has become a key solution to fulfill high data rates in the fifth-generation (5G) broadband networks [1]. The smaller mmWave frequency wavelengths allow of facilitating a large-scale antenna array (LSAA) at the base station (BS) to conquer propagation path-loss and enhance beamforming gain [2]. The massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) configuration constructed by an LSAA amplifies amounts of phase shifters (PSs), analogto-digital converters (ADCs), and dedicated radio-frequency (RF) chains, which bring about a heavy burden on hardware implementation and energy dissipation [3]. To lessen hardware complexity and power consumption more effectively converts into a principal subject for accomplishing the practical mmWave massive MIMO system.
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