Dying young and living fast: variation in life history across English neighborhoods

Abstract

Where the expected reproductive life span is short, theory predicts that individuals should follow a ‘‘fast’’ life-history strategy ofearly reproduction, reduced investment in each offspring, and high reproductive rate. I apply this prediction to differentneighborhood environments in contemporary England. There are substantial differences in the expectation of healthy lifebetween the most deprived and most affluent neighborhoods. Using data from the Millennium Cohort Study (n ¼ 8660 families),I show that in deprived neighborhoods compared with affluent ones, age at first birth is younger, birthweights are lower, andbreastfeeding duration is shorter. There is also indirect evidence that reproductive rates are higher. Coresidence of a father figureis less common, and contact with maternal grandmothers is less frequent, though grandmaternal contact shows a curvilinearrelationship with neighborhood quality. Children from deprived neighborhoods perform less well on a verbal cognitive assess-ment at age 5 years, and this deficit is partly mediated by parental age and investment variables. I suggest that fast life history isa comprehensible response, produced through phenotypic plasticity, to the ecological context of poverty, but one that entailsspecific costs to children. Key words: birthweight, breastfeeding, grandmothering, humans, life-history theory, parental invest-ment, reproductive strategies. [Behav Ecol]