Dyes, Application and Evaluation

Abstract

AbstractThe physical and organic chemistry of dyes and the dyeing process is described outlining the importance of the fiber choice, the basic chemistry of the dye, the interactions between dyes and fibers, and the driving forces of the dyeing process. The molecular design of dyestuff molecules to give desired dyeing properties and performance is outlined, as are the basic principles of the physical chemical processes taking place in the dyebath. Detailed practical dyeing procedures including preparation, dyeing mechanisms, dyestuff selection, and practical processes are given for the primary fiber types: cellulose (direct, reactive, vat, and other dyes); wool (acid, mordant, metallized, and reactive dyes); synthetic polyamides (acid, metallized, disperse, and other dyes together with the use of auxiliary agents to enhance dyeing behavior); polyacrylonitrile (cationic dyes); and polyester and related synthetics such as acetates (disperse dyes). The equipment used in bulk dyeing is also described. Textile printing techniques and paper and leather coloration are included. The main methods used for assessing the fastness of dyed fabrics to agencies they are likely to be exposed to in use, eg, light or water, are outlined, together with the methods of classifying and characterizing dyestuffs and their performance.