Abstract
Abstract As fruit trees generally have a large size, the production of small or even dwarf trees is of great interest for most of fruit crops. In this review, some of the main tropical, subtropical and temperate fruit trees that have small or even dwarfing cultivars are approached. The causes of dwarfism, although the use of dwarfing rootstocks, is the main theme of this review. The factors that affect the size of the fruit trees are also approached, as well the dwarf cultivars of banana, papaya and cashew, and the dwarf rootstocks for guava, mango, anonaceae, loquat, citrus, apple and peach trees.
Highlights
Resumo - Como as plantas frutíferas apresentam em geral porte elevado, a obtenção de plantas de porte reduzido, ou até anãs, é de grande interesse na fruticultura
Other factors should be taken into account, such as cold tolerance, the requirement of chilling units, the season or flowering season, the duration of the juvenile phase, the size, color and shape of the fruit, as well as other factors characteristics such as russeting, pulp color, flavor and resistance to pests and diseases (JANICK; MOORE, 1975)
In order to give more efficiency to the management and cultivation in the orchard and, to facilitate harvesting operation is that the system of planting at high densities is currently being used in many different fruit species, deciduous fruit trees
Summary
For more than four decades, the usefulness of dwarfing canopies and rootstocks has been discussed to control the vigor and size of fruit trees, and for several of them, there was already information about the genetic origin of dwarfism and its application in fruit growing. For apple trees (Malus domestica), small plants could be obtained by inbreeding, but since the use of rootstocks was necessary, the vigor of the canopy could be altered (JANICK; MOORE, 1975). Some types of pear trees could be multiplied by cuttings, but the most common was the use of seeds, which caused greater variation in canopy size and lack of uniformity, which was not desirable. The use of seed was for a long time the main method for obtaining rootstocks for vigor, pest and disease resistance, and nematodes, but the main one was the resistance to Phytophthora. Monstrosa) has been tested and used as rootstock or interstock as inducer of dwarfism to the canopy of orange trees, mandarins, grapefruits and other citrus types, but incompatibility has been reported with several citrus cultivars (ROOSE, 1986). Some examples are: hybrid jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora), pitanga (Eugenia uniflora), dwarf cajá (Spondias dulcis), cerrado pear (Eugenia klostzchiana) and dwarf cashew (Anacardium occidentale L. var. nanum)
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