Dwa projekty antynaturalizmu metodologicznego na przykładzie filozofii Heinricha Rickerta i Ernsta Cassirera

Abstract

Two philosophers of turn of the century, Heinrich Rickert (1863–1936) and Ernst Cassirer (1874–1945) belong to large and not identical in meaning in their own views, the Neo-Kantianism movement. Though the Immanuel Kant’s philosophy to the state for both the irrefutable base – the foundation of considerations, among the theory of author of three Critiques and neo-Kantianism comes to light the difference of the range as far as Kant’s transcendentalism has the general character, insomuch aground Southwestern neo-Kantianism whose a representative is Rickert, takes place his particularization. There placing the problem of a priori conditions of possibility of the recognition, Rickert undertakes an attempt of the transcendental basis of the culture. Seeking bases of the recognition and the culture whatever, accepts Windelband’s partition of know- ledge on generalizing nomothetic’s disciplines (the sciences) and individualizing idiographic’s disciplines (the humanities) and calls the history a condition of the possibility of the experience. As the representative of the methodological dualism this thinker makes the philosophy, with the critical theory of cultural values. To include into the range of methodological decisions of the axiological problem among which to the foreground advances the problem granting the life the sense of the value and this, what necessarily important, Rickert not only additionally qualifies across this the proper object of the recognition, but also the theoretical thinking implants in the duty, instead the recognition establishes in the pure logic of being obligatory (Geltung).The problem of logical bases of disciplines about the spirit, examined from the perspective of the critical philosophy of the culture, investigates also the schoolboy of the Marburg neo-Kantianism, Ernst Cassirer. Its own interests with sciences, especially with the mathematical physics, he enriches with the widely understood idea of the culture founding, that sciences about the nature and the humanities as decisive about the all activity of the man, are not to themselves opposed, but mutually are complementary to one another. Binding measurable-quantitative and volitional and emotional – the qualitative moment of the act of the recognition, Cassirer throws up proposed by Baden school (Windelband, Rickert) of the theory of the value and the partition disciplines of knowledge. Perceiving the human variability, one assembles on historic and humanistic description of various forms of the human life.Showing the primary relationship of the Cassirer’s and Rickert’s thought with theoretical either with the practical Kant’s knowledge, in the pronouncement I return the special attention on the course of the line of demarcation dividing the sphere Geisteswissenschaften from the area Naturwissenschaften in proposed by neo-Kantian programs of the philosophy. Using the method of the comparative analysis, I characterize the manner of the seizure of the sciences and humanities – knowledge about the culture in Rickert’s philosophy expresses himself in the difference: nasci – colere, instead inwards Cassirera accepts the form of the disjunction: fact of the science – fact of the culture; difference which comes to light among this, what quantitative and to these, what qualitative.