Dust effects on snowpack melt and related ecosystem processes are secondary to those of forest canopy structure and interannual snowpack variability

Abstract

AbstractDust deposition lowers the albedo of snow and can significantly alter snowpack energy balance. Investigation of aeolian dust deposition in the mountains of the western U.S. has shown that these effects advance the timing of snowpack melt and spring runoff across much of the region. These studies have primarily focused on alpine snowpacks with little to no overstory vegetation. To evaluate the impacts of aeolian dust on ecohydrological processes in forests, we conducted a manipulative experiment in a subalpine conifer forest in Utah's Wasatch Mountains. During the spring of 2010–2012, we added dust to the snow surface in forested plots every 1 to 2 weeks, roughly doubling the natural dust loading. We then measured snowpack ablation in control and dust addition plots, along with below‐snowpack and warm season soil temperature (Tsoil), soil water content (θ), litter decomposition rate (D), soil respiration rate (Rs), and tree xylem water potential (ψ). Differences in ablation between control and dust addition plots were similar in magnitude to differences associated with the canopy structure of the forest. Seasonal patterns in Tsoil and θ were similar between dust treatments and canopy structure groups. D, Rs, and ψ varied little between dust treatments, but there were significant differences between years. During our 3‐year study, an unusual level of interannual variability in snowfall had the greatest effect on the soil environment and ecosystem processes. The effects of aeolian dust on snowpack mass and energy balance in our forest were slightly smaller than those associated with canopy structure. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.