Dust Climatology of the NASA Dryden Flight Research Center (DFRC) in Lancaster, California, USA

Ashok Pokharel,Michael Kaplan

doi:10.3390/cli5010015

Abstract

A 15-year (1997–2011) climatology of dust events at the NASA DFRC in Lancaster, California, USA, was performed to evaluate how the extratropical systems were associated with dust storms over this region. For this study, we collected meteorological data for Edwards Air Force Base (EAFB) in Lancaster, California, which is very close to NASA DFRC, from wunderground.com, National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)/North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR), NCEP/Hydro-meteorological Prediction Center/National Weather Service (NWS), and Unisys analyses. We find that the dust events were associated with the development of a deep convective boundary layer, turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) ≥3 J/kg, a deep unstable lapse rate layer, a wind speed above the frictional threshold wind speed necessary to ablate dust from the surface (≥7.3 m/s), a presence of a cold trough above the deep planetary boundary layer (PBL), a strong cyclonic jet, an influx of vertical sensible heat from the surrounding area, and a low volumetric soil moisture fraction <0.3. The annual mean number of dust events, their mean duration, and the unit duration per number of event for each visibility range, when binned as <11.2 km, <8 km, <4.8 km, <1.6 km, and <1 km were calculated. The visibility range values were positively correlated with the annual mean number of dust events, duration of dust events, and the ratio of duration of dust events. The percentage of the dust events by season shows that most of the dust events occurred in autumn (44.7%), followed by spring (38.3%), and equally in summer and winter with these seasons each accounting for 8.5% of events. This study also shows that the summer had the highest percentage (10%) of the lowest visibility condition (<1 km) followed by autumn (2%). Neither of the other two seasons—winter and spring—experienced such a low visibility condition during the entire dust events over 15 years. Winter had the highest visibility (<11.2 km) percentage, which was 67% followed by spring (55%). Wind speed increasing to a value within the range of 3.6–11 m/s was typically associated with the dust events.

Highlights

Wind erosion produces dust that can cause environmental impacts at regional and global scales [1,2,3]
The results indicate that summer events had the highest percent occurrence (10%) of severe dust events followed by autumn with 4% and 2% of severe events respectively (Figure 6), which is similar to the findings of Nicking and Brazel [23] and indicative of dust generated by deep convective phenomena in the atmosphere
We observe that the annual mean number of dust events, annual mean duration of dust events, and ratio of duration to number of dust events were positively correlated for each visibility range

Summary

Introduction

Wind erosion produces dust that can cause environmental impacts at regional and global scales [1,2,3]. On a regional scale, the presence of high concentrations of atmospheric dust affects economies by lowering visibility with an increase in cost of visibility impairment on national parks and wilderness areas as well as causing health problems [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17]. It is a major geomorphological factor for land degradation in arid regions [18]. High concentrations of dust at the local level may indicate agricultural soils are being degraded by the Climate 2017, 5, 15; doi:10.3390/cli5010015 www.mdpi.com/journal/climate

Methods

Results

Conclusion