Dust and powder in fusion plasmas: recent developments in theory, modeling, and experiments

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In this paper, we present a brief historic overview of the research on dust in fusion devices with carbon plasma-facing components and then highlight the most recent developments in the post-carbon era of the field. In particular, we consider how the metallic dust form, mobilize, and interact with fusion plasmas and plasma facing components. Achievements in wall conditioning and associated anomalous plasma transport modification, including ELM suppression, with the powder injection technique is another focus of the paper. Capabilities of the state-of-art simulation tools to describe different aspects of dust in fusion devices are exemplified and new directions for future dust studies are brought forward.