Abstract
Background: Around 5% of patients with coronavirus disease ( COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 develop severe COVID-19. Severe COVID-19 requires respiratory management with mechanical ventilation and an extended period of treatment. Prolonged infectious virus shedding is a concern in severe COVID-19 cases, but few reports have examined the duration of infectious virus shedding. We investigated the duration of infectious virus shedding in patients transferred to Hiroshima University Hospital with severe COVID-19 requiring mechanical ventilation. Methods: Nasopharyngeal swab specimens were collected and analyzed using both viral culture and reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) tests between December 2020 and February 2021.Findings: Of the 23 patients tested, the percentage of those with positive test results at first specimen collection (the median number of days to first specimen collection after symptom onset was ten) on RT-qPCR and viral culture was 95 ·7% (n = 22) and 30·4% (n = 7), respectively. All six patients with positive viral culture test results who were followed-up tested negative by day 24 after symptom onset but remained positive on RT-qPCR. Specimen viral loads based on PCR testing did not decrease over time, but viral loads determined via culture tests loads decreased over time. The longest negative conversion time was observed in a dialysis patient on immunosuppressive drugs.Interpretation: This study indicated that patients with severe COVID-19 remain culture positive ≥ ten days after symptom onset. The work also suggests that immunosuppressed patients with severe COVID-19 could consider isolation for ≥ 20 days.Funding: NoneDeclaration of Interests: We declare no competing interests.Ethics Approval Statement: This research was approved by the Ethical Committee for Epidemiology of Hiroshima University (approval number: E-2157).
Highlights
Cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continue to increase worldwide
An insufficient number of reports have examined the duration of infectious virus shedding in severe cases, and determining when to end isolation remains a major concern for medical institutions treating patients with severe COVID-19
When the first viral culture test result was positive and circumstances allowed for follow-up, the duration of infectious virus shedding was investigated by collecting specimens every three to four days until negative viral culture conversion was observed
Summary
Cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continue to increase worldwide. Numerous reports have shown that viral culture test results become negative 10 days after symptom onset[2,3,4]. Severe cases are believed to exhibit prolonged infectious virus shedding, and isolation for about 20 days is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control[5,6]. A positive virus culture test result has been reported from a specimen collected 20 days after symptom onset[7]. A positive viral culture test result has even been reported on around day 70 after symptom onset in a patient with T-cell deficiency[8]
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