Abstract
Does women’s empowerment sustain over time? Does empowerment diffuse from empowered women to other women in the household and within the close social network? This study empirically tests the durability and diffusion of women’s empowerment using representative and rich individual-level panel data from India for the years 2004−2005 and 2011−2012. A domain-based framework is used to capture the multidimensional nature of empowerment. We find that durability varies across empowerment domains. Individual capabilities, asset endowment, and the opportunity structure within which women operate are significantly associated with durability of empowerment. Additionally, a significant diffusion effect of empowerment from empowered women to the other women in the household is observed across all domains. The diffusion effect is significant even when the respondents do not reside in the same household as their empowered female kin. Our findings suggest that investing in women’s empowerment thus has the potential to generate a ripple effect that can continue and strengthen over time.
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